TFL Vsebine / Revija Pravnik

7

Opredelitev, ali je neko kaznivo dejanje trajajoče, ni zgolj tema, ki bi bila zanimiva doktrini, temveč je zelo pomembna tudi za sodno prakso. Pri trajajočih kaznivih dejanjih je namreč ključno vprašanje, kdaj je tako kaznivo dejanje dokončano, pri tem pa le pri tej vrsti kaznivih dejanj razlikujemo dve vrsti dokončanja: formalno in materialno. Natančna opredelitev trenutka dokončanja ima namreč več pomembnih praktičnih posledic, še zlasti pa je pomembna za razmejitev poskusa in dokončanega kaznivega dejanja; presojo možnosti prostovoljnega odstopa; presojo, do kdaj se storilcu lahko priključijo udeleženci; do kdaj je možen silobran zoper tako dejanje ter kdaj začne teči zastaranje. Napačna opredelitev trajajočega kaznivega dejanja kot kaznivega dejanja stanja (in obratno) ima lahko zelo absurdne posledice, kot recimo, da ugrabljenemu oškodovancu ne priznamo pravice do silobrana. Kljub okoliščini, da je o trajajočem kaznivem dejanju napisanega veliko, tako v domači kot tudi tuji strokovni literaturi, uporaba tega instituta v sodni praksi povzroča težave, razhajanja stališč pa najdemo tudi v doktrini.

Determining whether a criminal offence is continuous is not only a topic of interest to the doctrine. It is also of great importance to case-law. Whether such a criminal offence is completed is a critical question in relation to a continuous criminal offence. Only the latter distinguishes between two types of completion: formal and substantive. The precise definition of the moment of completion has several significant practical implications and it is also especially important to delimitate between an attempt and a completed criminal offence; it is important for estimating the possibility of voluntary resignation; it dictates the moment until when it is possible for participants to join the perpetrator; it also answers the question until when a defence against such a criminal offence is possible and when the period of the limitation of criminal prosecution starts. Misclassifying a continuous crime as an instantaneous criminal offence (and vice versa) can have very absurd consequences, such as not recognising a kidnapped victim as being entitled to a defence. Despite the fact that much has been written about a continuous criminal offence, both in domestic and foreign professional literature, the use of this institute poses difficulties in case- law, and partly in doctrine, too.

Continuous Crime in Theory and Case-Law