TFL Vsebine / Revija Pravnik

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Avtor kratko predstavi članek pokojnega profesorja Ljuba Bavcona O problemu kazenske odgovornosti, ki je izšel leta 1959 v Reviji za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo. Po vsebini gre za temeljito poročilo z mednarodnega simpozija v Strasbourgu, ki ga je Bavcon dopolnil s svojim znanstvenim credom glede obravnavanih vprašanj. Jedro na simpoziju obravnavanega problema je bil trk dveh pogledov na kazensko odgovornost. Stari pogled (imenovan tudi »klasično kazensko pravo«) je bil utemeljen na metafizičnem pojmu svobode. Kaznivo dejanje je bilo razumljeno kot posledica človekove svobodne volje, ki je bila v konkretnem primeru »hudobna« ali »zla«. Odgovor na to je bila kazen, kod sredstvo zastraševanja in pokore – kot sredstvo, ki lahko storilčevo hudobno voljo preplaši in spametuje. Kot kontrapunkt klasičnemu pogledu so se izoblikovali pozitivistični pogledi, ki so človeka razglasili za proizvod dejavnikov dednosti in okolja, za determiniramo bitje torej. S tem ko ti pogledi zanikajo svobodno voljo, zanikajo tudi kazenskopravni koncept krivde – ne pa tudi potrebe družbe, da se pred kaznivimi dejanji in njihovimi storilci brani. Ta obramba družbe pred kriminaliteto pa ni več »zaslužena kazen«, temveč raznovrstne oblike zdravljenja (»tretmana«) storilcev in njihova odstranitev iz okolja. Tudi Bavconova stališča so bila kompromisna, nekje med dediščino klasične šole in novimi impulzi, ki jih je prinašalo tedanje Gibanje za novo družbeno obrambo. Čeprav so v poznejšem razvoju kazenskega prava ideje o odpravi konceptov krivde in zaslužene kazni potihnile, pa prav v zadnjem času vnovič spremljamo vzpon idej, da je treba iz kazenskega prava izgnati moralistične podtone, delovanje kazenskopravnega sistema pa preurediti po načelih javnozdravstvenih sistemov. Lahko bi rekli, da razvoj kazenskega prava poteka v ponavljajočih se ciklih.

The author briefly presents an article by Professor Ljubo Bavcon on the problem of criminal responsibility, originally published in 1959 in the Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo (Journal of Criminalistics and Criminology). It offers a comprehensive report from an international symposium in Strasbourg, enriched with Bavcon’s scientific credo regarding the issues discussed. The core of the discussed problem was the clash between two views on criminal responsibility. The old view, also known as “classical criminal law”, was based on a metaphysical notion of freedom, wherein a criminal offence was perceived as the outcome of an individual’s free, albeit malevolent, will . The response to this was punishment, intended both as a deterrent and as a form of penance—a means to frighten and reform the perpetrator’s evil will. As a coun- terpoint to this classical view, positivist views emerged, viewing the individual as a product of heredity and environmental factors, thus a deterministic entity. By denying free will, these perspectives also deny the concept of culpability— yet they acknowledge the necessity for society to defend itself against crimes and their perpetrators. This defence of society against criminality is no longer perceived as “deserved punishment” but rather involves various forms of treatment of criminals and their removal from the environment. Bavcon’s perspectives represent a compromise, somewhere between the heritage of the classical school and the new impulses brought by the New Social Defence Movement. Although the ideas of abolishing the concepts of guilt and deserved punishment fell silent in later developments of criminal law, recently there has been a new rise of ideas to expel moralistic undertones from criminal law, and to reorganise the operation of the criminal justice system according to the principles of public health systems. This suggests that the evolution of criminal law occurs in cyclical phases.

On the Problem of Criminal Responsibility – After 65 Years - Facsimile of article by dr. Ljubo Bavcon The Problem of Penal Responsibility (Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo, Vol. X (1959), No. 2)