TFL Vsebine / Pravni letopis

Na podlagi izrecne omejitve v Stvarnopravnem zakoniku se maksimalna hipoteka kot omejeno akcesorno stvarnopravno zavarovanje pri cesiji (odstopu) na novega upnika ne prenese skupaj s terjatvijo, kar potrjuje tudi dosedanja sodna praksa. Ker je cesija najprimernejši mehanizem za prenos terjatev na novega upnika, maksimalna hipoteka pa pogost instrument utrditve obveznosti, omenjena omejitev v poslovni praksi – predvsem pri transakcijah prodaje slabih bančnih terjatev – povzroča težave. Ratio legis omejitve prenosljivosti naj bi bil varovanje prvotnega upnika, ki bi mu lahko v nasprotnem primeru »zmanjkalo hipotekarnega kritja«. V prispevku je zavzeto stališče, da za tako varstvo ni razloga, saj je upniku na voljo dovolj pogodbenih mehanizmov za varstvo svojega položaja, prav tako pa ni videti drugega pravnopolitičnega razloga za omejevanje prenosljivosti maksimalne hipoteke. Zaradi navedenega ne preseneča, da se je v pravni teoriji pojavilo že več stališč o drugačni pravni naravi maksimalne hipoteke, ki stremijo k temu, da bi bila njena prenosljivost na tak ali drugačen način omogočena že brez poseganja v obstoječo zakonodajo. Avtorja meniva, da bi bilo pravno negotovost najučinkoviteje sanirati z izrecno odpravo omejitve in hkratno vpeljavo možnosti zagotovitve publicitete prenosa v zemljiškoknjižni zakonodaji.

On the basis of an explicit limitation included in the Slovenian Law of Property Code, the maximum mortgage, a property law-based security interest of limited accessory nature, does not, by way of assignment, transfer to a new creditor along with the claim; this principle is also affirmed by the available case law. Since assignment is the most suitable mechanism for transferring claims to a new creditor, and maximum mortgage is a common credit enhancement instrument, the above limitation causes inconvenience to commerce, in particular in respect to non-performing loans sale transactions. Supposed legislative rationale of the limitation on transferability is the protection of the original creditor, who could otherwise "run out of mortgage security interest". The paper takes the view that there are no reasons to provide such protection, since the creditor can avail itself of contractual mechanisms to safeguard its position, and that there are also no other policy reasons to limit the transferability of maximum mortgage. It is therefore not surprising that the legal theory has produced several alternative views regarding the legal nature of the maximum mortgage with the aim of enabling its transferability without amending the law as it stands. The authors are of the opinion, however, that the associated legal uncertainty is best mitigated through an outright abolition of the limitation and the concurrent introduction of a mechanism enabling publicity of the transfer through amendments to the land register legislation.

Transferability of Maximum Mortgage