TFL Vsebine / Pravni letopis

Avtor predstavi predpostavke in pravne posledice treh različnih načinov enostranske prekinitve pogodbe v slovenskem pravu. Prispevek po uvodni predstavitvi problematične terminologije Obligacijskega zakonika obravnava odstop od pogodbe (razdor) kot posledico kršitve pogodbenih obveznosti. Osnovna predpostavka odstopa je potek dodatnega roka, preostale predpostavke se razlikujejo glede na to, ali gre za neizpolnitev (zamudo) ali za izpolnitev s stvarno oziroma pravno napako (jamčevanje). Odstop ne izniči pogodbe v popolnosti, ampak jo preoblikuje v razmerje pogodbenega vračanja in odškodninsko razmerje. Poleg tega nekateri deli pogodbe, npr. arbitražna klavzula, ostanejo v veljavi. Odstop učinkuje retroaktivno (ex tunc) le pri pogodbah, ki se izpolnijo naenkrat, medtem ko pri trajajočih razmerjih praviloma učinkuje le za naprej (ex nunc). Odstop od pogodbe (preklic) kot zakonska pravica premisliti si v določenem kratkem roku po sklenitvi pogodbe (cooling-off period) obstaja le pri nekaterih vrstah pogodb med podjetji in potrošniki. Učinkuje praviloma retroaktivno (ex tunc). Odpoved trajnih razmerij, ki nimajo določenega časa trajanja oziroma mehanizma prenehanja, je prav tako enostranska oblikovalna pravica, ki ni posledica kršitve. Učinkuje le za naprej (ex nunc).

The author presents the basic features of the three different unilateral rights of a contractual party to end a contract in Slovenian law. After the introductory presentation of some terminological problems of the Obligations Code the article continues with termination of a contract (also: rescission) as a result of a breach of contract. The basic condition of termination is the lapse of the additional time, given to the debtor by the creditor. Other conditions differ in the case of the so called non-performance (default) or defective performance. A termination does not annihilate the contract in its entirety but rather transforms the contractual relationship into the relationship of restitution and damages. Furthermore, some contractual clauses, e.g. an arbitration clause, remain in force. A termination has retroactive effect (ex tunc) in contracts to be performed at one time, whereas in contracts to be performed continuously or over a period of time a termination only has prospective effect (ex nunc). Withdrawal from the contract is a statutory right of a party to change its mind within a short time upon conclusion of a contract (so called cooling-off period) only exists in certain categories of consumer contracts. It has a retrospective effect (ex tunc). Continuing contractual relationships or contracts to be performed over a period of time can be unilaterally ended by a notice of cancellation, without any breach of contract. It only has prospective effect (ex tunc).

Termination of a Contract, Withdrawal from a Contract and Notice of Cancellation of a Contract