TFL Vsebine / Revija Javna uprava

Exceptio illegalis pomeni pooblastilo sodiščem, da pri svojem odločanju presodijo skladnost podzakonskega predpisa z ustavo in zakonom in v primeru ugotovljenega neskladja odklonijo njegovo uporabo pri presoji v sodnem sporu. Če torej sodišče ugotovi, da je splošni podzakonski akt nezakonit ali neustaven, ga ne more uporabiti kot temelj svoje presoje v konkretni zadevi, zato spregleda njegov obstoj. Exceptio illegalis praviloma velja samo za sodišča, ne pa tudi za upravne organe, ki lahko spregledajo podzakonski akt le izjemoma, ob upoštevanju restriktivno določenih pogojev. Sodišče zakonitosti presoje podzakonskega akta pred ustavnim sodiščem ne more zahtevati, razen če bi zaradi njegove neuporabe nastala neustavna pravna praznina. Exceptio illegalis je ultima ratio. Uporabiti ga je mogoče šele tedaj, ko podzakonskega predpisa ni mogoče razlagati ne le ustavno, temveč tudi zakonsko skladno. Splošno razširjeno stališče, da ima exceptio illegalis učinek le v konkretnem primeru, je ustrezno le v strogo formalnem smislu. V resnici pa njegova uporaba ustvarja »dvojni kvazi erga omnes učinek«. Exceptio illegalis ni le institut upravnega, temveč čedalje bolj tudi kaznovalnega, konkretno prekrškovnega prava. K temu precej pripomorejo zaradi epidemije nalezljive bolezni spremenjene družbene razmere, v katerih izvršilna oblast čedalje več prepovedi in zapovedi nalaga naslovnikom s podzakonskimi predpisi.

Exceptio illegalis signifies the power of the courts to assess the conformity of an executive regulation with the Constitution and the law in their decision-making and, in the event of an established discrepancy, to refuse its application in the adjudication. Therefore, if the court finds that a general executive act is in breach of a law or is unconstitutional, it cannot apply it as a basis for its adjudication in a specific case and shall ignore its existence. Exceptio illegalis, as a rule, applies only to courts, but not to administrative bodies, which may ignore an executive act only exceptionally, subject to restrictive conditions. The court may not request the review of the legality of an executive act before the Constitutional Court, unless its non-application would lead to an unconstitutional lacuna. Exceptio illegalis is ultimate ratio. It can only be applied when an executive regulation cannot be interpreted not only conforming to the constitution but also in accordance with law. The prevalent view that exceptio illegalis has an effect only in a concrete case is appropriate only stricto sensu. In reality, however, its application gives rise to a “double quasi erga omnes effect”. Exceptio illegalis is not only an institute of administrative but increasingly also of criminal law, specifically law of minor offences. Due to the epidemic of infectious disease, the changed social situation, in which the executive power imposes more and more prohibitions and orders on the addressees with executive regulations, contributes significantly to this.

Double Quasi Erga Omnes Effect of the Application of the Exceptio Illegalis Institute